From the series
entitled :
ENJOINING WHAT IS RIGHT AND FORBIDING WHAT IS WRONG
( 2 )
Ruling By
Man-made
Law
Is It
Minor or Major Kufr?
Explaining the Words of Ibn Abbas
t.
Edited by:
Ibn Umar
Author:
Abu Hamza Al-Masri
First
Edition
Supporters of
Shariah Publications
A WORD FROM THE EDITOR
بسم الله الر حمن الرحيم
الحمد لله و
الصلاة و السلام على رسول الله
In light of the recent struggles in
the Muslim world and the continuing struggle to enjoin the good and
to forbid the evil, confusion has resulted among Muslims as to the
permissibility of doing this great pillar of Islam. In recent years
Muslims have been told to remain silent in regards to enjoining the
right and forbidding the evil because they could cause more evil
than good. Muslims have also been told that those who do attempt to
enjoin the right and forbid the wrong, and question the ruler as
well are Khawaarij. Both of these issues this book attempts to
address in a firm and well thought out manner.
Together with all the evidences, as well as quotes from the great
scholars, the reader will find, Insha’allah, the difference between
one who is a Khawaarij and one who is attempting to halt oppression
in the cause of Allah. After digesting the bulk of this humble
work, those who read it hopefully will be able to understand with
great clarity why enjoining the right and forbidding the wrong is
such a central theme in Islam.
May Allah guide us and make it easy
for us to fulfill this great commandment, and guard us against the
evil of the transgressors, outward and inward,
If there have been any mistakes in this booklet, they
are from ourselves and Shaitan. We ask that you contact us with the
corrections and comments that can be added to the second addition of
this work, at phone number 0171 354 8374, or 0958 406333 fax: 0181
748 6893 e-mail:
[email protected]
Or write to us: BCM HAMZA LONDON WC1N
3XX Insha`allah.
All the good in this work
comes from Allah and may He reward us and those who are sincere.
Amin
إبن عمر
Ibn Umar
An Advice from the Author
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
الحمد لله و الصلاة و السلام على رسول الله
يارب
أعنِ على رضاك
Dear brothers and sisters in Islam,
السلام
عليكمMy
advice to you is to be neutral and to remember what Allah has said
in the Qur’an when he asked us to observe the truth, that he did not
link it to any Sheikh or any person other than the Prophet . Allah
said, “Bring your evidence if you are
truthful.”
He never said, “Bring your Sheikhs or anything else if you are
truthful.” Unfortunately, we have seen many of the Sheikhs and the
knowledge seekers abused by their fellow brothers and sisters, if
the kind of truth they are delivering is against the interest of
tyrant regimes and the scholars that work full time for them.
They are willing to listen only to a
certain type of truth and it must come from a certain type of
people! This is classed as a deviation in belief, from Ahl us-Sunna
in general and the ways of the Sahaba in particular.
Others, before they even know about the truth, they
would like to see your opinion about certain Sheikhs or idols in
their hearts. If you criticise or disagree with any of their Sheikhs
in a major or minor issue, then they treat you and call you as a
deviant. Such action is a bid`a in Islam. It is unanimous by the
Sahaba
y
and Ahlus-Sunna walJama`ah that it is Haraam and it could reach
Shirk if you evaluate the belief of someone based on his opinion of
a person (other than those who mentioned in the Quran and Sunna).
In other words, you are not to come to
someone and begin to check their aqeedah by asking things like,
“What do you think of Ibn Taymiyyah (RH)? What do you think of
Sheikh ….?” Such things can lead to one of the issues today in our
century, shirk in knowledge. This is when the people, they seek
knowledge and they learn it, but they evaluate their knowledge and
judge other people’s knowledge based on their Sheikh and his
knowledge. This is a very dangerous thing to do and live by.
So although we respect the ancient scholars, there is
a difference between respect and worship. Allah
U
has made it a fact of life for everybody to make mistakes, believers
and scholars, so we could in the process learn, integrate the truth
and apply it. And if we exaggerate in that, we could easily fall
into the verse where Allah SWT says:
(
اتخذوا أحبارهم ورهبانهم أرباباً من دون الله …)
(
They take their priests and their rabbis to be their
lords beside of Allah…)
Q.
9:31
So I advise my
brothers to be linked to the truth not to the Sheikh, and to
transfer the respect for the scholars to action, and I thank the
brothers for editing, distributing and financing such a little work
availible. We also believe that to save people’s time, we make such
researches small and concise to help the people in understanding
important issues, that way we can all benefit and work for the truth
productively.
As-salaam `Alaikum
wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu.
Your Brother:
Abu Hamza al
Masri
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله.
All praise belongs to Allah
U,
we praise Him and seek His help; we ask for His forgiveness and seek
His refuge against the evil of our souls and of our deeds. Whoever
is guided by HimU,
none can misguide him, whereas he whom Allah leads astray can never
find any guide. We bear witness that there is no god except Allah,
the One and the Only God, Who has no partners, and that Muhammadr
(upon whom be peace and blessings of Allah) is His servant and
messenger. The best words are Allah’s and the best guidance is
Mohammed’s
r
(peace be upon him). The worst evil is innovation in religion;
every innovation is an error, and every error will end up in the
hell-fire.
]يا
أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله وقولوا قولاً سديداً~
يصلح لكم أعمالكم ويغفر لكم ذنوبكم ومن يطع الله ورسوله فقد فاز فوزاً
عظيماً
“ O ye who believe! Fear Allah, and
make your utterance straightforward.
That He may make your conduct whole
and sound and forgive you your sins: He that obeys Allah and His
Messenger has already attained the great victory “
(Al-Ahzab Ayat 70 & 71)
]
يا أيها الذين أمنوا اتقوا الله وكونوا مع الصادقين
~
ما كان لأهل المدينة ومن حولهم من الأعراب أن
يتخلفوا عن رسول الله ولا يرغبوا بأنفسهم عن نفسه ذلك بأنهم لا يصيبهم
ظمأ ولانصب ولا مخمصة في سبيل الله ولا يطئون موطئاً يغيظ الكفار ولا
ينالون من عدو نيلاً إلا كتب لهم به عمل صالح إن الله لا يضيع أجر
المحسنين
[
“O ye who believe! Fear Allah and
be with those who are truthful. It was not fitting for the people of
Madinah and the Bedouin Arabs of the neighbourhood, to stay behind
Allah’s Messenger, nor to prefer their own lives to his: because
nothing could they suffer or do, but was reckoned to their credit as
a deed of righteousness,- whether they suffered thirst, or fatigue,
or hunger, in the Cause of Allah, or trod paths to raise the ire of
the Unbelievers, or gain any gain from an enemy: For Allah suffereth
not the reward to be lost of those who do good.”
(At-Taubah Ayat 119 & 120)
ANSWERING THE WORD OF IBN ABBAS’S KUFR
DUNA KUFR
This is not just a research about
Haakimiyya,
but this is only to be added to our research about Haakimiyya. And
if you would like anymore about the topic of Tawhid al-Haakimiyya,
please see our book Allah’s Governance on Earth,
in which this topic is a part of it.
This is also not a paper to defend the
Mujahideen, the victorious party that are trying to implement the
Shari`a, or to distinguish between the Khawaarij and the Mujahideen.
For this information, please refer to the book, The
Khawaarij and Jihad.
This is only a simple manifestation to
show the sincere brothers and sisters how evidence can be twisted
and taken out of context, then used against Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah,
as Allah SWT says, they veil the truth with falsehood.
The main reason for writing this
is that nowadays the word of Ibn Abbas
t
is being used by evil and ignorant people to dismantle the Shari’a,
and help to replace it with man-made laws. Meanwhile those who are
objecting about this evil are being called Khawarij and disobedient
to the rulers.
However, It is wrong to deny the
word of Ibn `Abbast,
as many sincere brothers are trying to do, by pushing the word of
Ibn `Abbas out of the way or to try to challenge its authenticity.
Truly, its words are authentic, but it is only being used out of
context. The way of Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah is to welcome any
evidence and to put together to integrate the truth.
We hope that in this small research,
the words of Ibn `Abbas are put in their proper context and that
those who read it and use it will give it to others to benefit
Muslims sincerely seeking the truth. May Allah SWT help those who
are defending the words of Ibn `Abbas and striving to preserve the
correct understanding of the statement of Ibn `Abbas and may Allah
SWT guide those who have been led astray by the evil twisters of
these words, who seek to replace the Shari`a with the laws of men.
THE LITERAL MEANING OF THE WORD OF
IBN `ABBAS AND WHEN IT WAS SAID
The issue put before us is, ‘What
exactly is the word of Ibn `Abbas?’ To understand this, we need to
understand the time that it was said in. The era was when the
dispute between Mu`awiya and `Ali ibn Abi Taalib had arisen and
dissenters from `Ali’s camp had classified `Ali, his representative
Abu Musa al Ash`ari, Mu`awiya and Mu`awiya’s representative `Amr
ibn ul `As as kuffar. The evidence quoted by the dissenters, later
to be known as the Khawaarij, was that in Surat ulMa’ida, ayah 44,
in which Allah SWT says,
و من لم يحكم
بما أنزل الله فأولئك هم الكافرون
“And whoever does not judge by
what Allah revealed, then they are Kafirun.”
Because of this, the four
above-mentioned sahaba were classed as kuffar because the Khawaarij
believed that the Shari`a had not been applied, thus those who
failed to apply it were kuffar. In response to this and in defense
of `Ali ibn Abi Taalib, Ibn `Abbas made the statement that what
occurred was kufr duna kufr
and that the four members mentioned were indeed still Muslim, and
that the Khawaarij’s understanding of the verse was not correct. Ibn
`Abbas could not have know that from this simple statement, that the
evil tyrants and their supporters would use this as an excuse to
hinder those who are attempting to enjoin the right and forbid the
evil by removing the helpers of the Shaitan and demolishing their
thrones indefinitely. This misunderstanding of the statement
of Ibn `Abbas will be corrected and its context will be put forward
and made manifest for those who have been confused, disoriented and
completely led away from the work of striving in the path of Allah
against the wicked in this era. From this we now proceed to the
evidence of our short treatise.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUKM SHAR`II,
FATWA AND JUDGEMENT
الفارق بين الحكم الشرعي والفتوى والقضاء
In delicate situations such as these,
we must be sure about what we are talking about. To clarify any
situation, we must know what is Hukm Shar`ii, fatwa and judgement.
Only after comprehending these can we put the matter in front of us
in perspective.
Our first matter to be explained is
Hukm Shar`ii. Hukm Shar`ii is what Allah SWT said about a certain
situation that was given judgement on in His Shari`a. With regard to
the fatwa, it is applying the rule of Allah SWT about a certain
situation for a particular incident which matches the context of
that rule. For instance, we can not use the rule that fluids, which
are toxic, are Haraam when we talk about water, vinegar or things
like this because these are Halaal substances. The fatwa is only
correct if the Hukm Shar`ii is correct and the reality is correct.
The judgement goes a bit further than
this. The judgement is making sure the Hukm Shar`ii is correct, the
reality that surrounds it is sound and correct and that the
judgement actually happened and took place.
It then becomes compulsory to act it
(the judgement) out. This is what the work of a judge is. Once he is
sure that the Hukm Shar`ii is correct and the reality around it is
correct, he endorses the reality and makes sure the judgement takes
place. The fatwa goes one step ahead of Hukm Shar`ii and the
judgement goes one step ahead of the fatwa, which is application.
The reason for the introduction
to the words of the Sahabi Ibn `Abbas, is that Ibn `Abbas
t
had the words of the Qur’an memorised. He then had the reality
around him, and he used his senses to issue his famous words
‘a kufr of a lesser kufr,’ which is unfortunately used and
abused out of its context in a totally different environment,
situation and a different purpose as well.
To focus more on the word ‘kufr of
a lesser kufr,’ we have to understand the actual word that was
said and narrated by different scholars of tafsir and hadith. It was
actually said, “It is actually not the kufr, which you think it
is.” And from this it shows that this word was said in the
context of a conversation. That conversation took place between him
and the Khawaarij of his time.
So his verdict was given according to
what they had in mind. This is specifically for them and their time.
We can understand from this verse that he still called it a kufr and
he did not change the word, make it allowable, or say it was okay,
but he still called it a kufr. He also took in mind the reality of
the time, and what was happening with regard to the leaders of his
time.
So he was answering the doubts of
these people according to their situation, i.e. he used the Hukm
Shar`ii (“and who ever does not rule by what Allah sent down, then
they are Kafiru”), but the reality did not match that kind of kufr.
Now focusing more on the reality of
his time, we must also keep in mind the following:
1. That the leader these people
are calling kafir is granted paradise by the Prophet
r
i.e. `Ali
t.
2. Mu`awiya
t,
who was given important jobs by the khalifas and was writing down
the revelation of the Qur’an from the Prophet
r..
3. Both parties had enmity amongst
themselves and at the same time they have more knowledge than the
ignorant people of their time, the Khawaarij, they didn’t even call
one another with that title.
4. That the shari`a was 100% intact
and applied.
SO, if any rule by other than
Allah
U took place, it is down
to the individual that did it, out of his ignorance or corruption,
which is what matters most. So these are the realities that are
behind the words of Ibn `Abbas
t,
that it was a fatwa for his time. Now, Ibn Abbas
t
himself made another statement in a general situation with regard to
those not ruling by Allah’s law. The statement is as follows,
حدثنا
عن حسن ابن أبي الربيع الجرجاني قال أخبرنا عبد الرزاق عن معمر عن ابن
طاووس عن أبيه قال سئل ابن عباس عن قوله تعالى و من لم يحكم بما أنزل
الله فأولئك هم
الكافرون قال : كفى به كفره
It is narrated from Hasan ibn Abi
ar-Rabi`a alJurjaani
saying, “We heard it from `Abdur-Razzaaq from Mu`ammar from Ibn
Tawus from his father who said, ‘Ibn `Abbas was asked regarding the
statement of Allah, ‘Whoever does not rule by what Allah has sent
down, then they are Kafirun.’
He (Ibn `Abbas) said, ‘It is enough kufr.’”
When Ibn `Abbas
t
made the statement that ‘it is enough kufr,’ this cannot be
taken to mean a small kufr. When he says enough, it can only be
taken as a big kufr. The reason why this is such an important issue
goes directly to the rules of Tafsir on Qur’anic ayat. It is
composed of six points that are to be elaborated on below,
1.
Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah, all the schools of thought and the fuqaha’a
(the Islamic jurists) have consensus (ijma`) that the saying of one
sahabi or some sahaba is not sufficient enough to eliminate a
general verse from the Qur’an. This rule is called
(la
yaslaah mukhasis lilqur’an)
لا يصلح مخصصا للقرآن,
meaning that an ayah that is general in the Qur’an can not be made
specific by a Sahabi unless an ijma`a, an opposing ayah from the
Qur’an, a hadith or any other evidence exists.
This rule does not mean that Ibn `Abbas’s
ruling, kufr duna kufr, was wrong regarding the case and the fatwa
of the time. No, this is not the case. But it means he and the
Sahaaba understood this (the fatwa) from the reality of the time,
which did not contradict the Qur’an or the Sunna.
2.For
the protection of the Qur’an, we should take into account the ijma`a
of Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah on the methodology regarding Tafsir. The
rule is that the explanation of the ayat of the Qur’an must be from
its outward meaning, unless there is other evidence that we can use
apparent meanings. This happened in very rare instances. Scholars of
Tafsir have said, “If this rule is not preserved, then the
door for bid`a is wide open for the people of Baatin
to take the meanings of the Qur’an from its apparent meanings and
give totally different presentation than what Ahl us-Sunnah agreed
upon.”
It is also important to
understand that we should not play with the words or apparent
meanings of words in the ayat. If there is another meaning, there
must be independent evidence to substantiate it. For example, Ibn `Abbas
t
understood that verse 44 of Surat ulMa’ida meant the kind of kufr
which he called a kufr, but he did not change the word kufr. But he
knew that there is other hadith from the Prophet
r
which said,
حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَعِيلَ
حَدَّثَنِي الْحَسَنُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ حَدَّثَنَا شَرِيكٌ عَنْ الْأَعْمَشِ
عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَيْدَةَ عَنْ ابْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ
النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ الْقُضَاةُ
ثَلَاثَةٌ قَاضِيَانِ فِي النَّارِ وَقَاضٍ فِي الْجَنَّةِ رَجُلٌ
قَضَى بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ فَعَلِمَ ذَاكَ فَذَاكَ فِي النَّارِ وَقَاضٍ
لَا يَعْلَمُ فَأَهْلَكَ حُقُوقَ النَّاسِ فَهُوَ فِي النَّارِ وَقَاضٍ
قَضَى بِالْحَقِّ فَذَلِكَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ
“There are three kinds of
judges, two are in the fire and one in Jannah: The one in Jannah is
the one who knew the truth and he judged by it. The one who judged
amongst people in his ignorancy then he is in the fire, and the man
who knew the truth, but he deviated from his judgement, then he is
in the fire”
That was independent evidence to
keep Ibn `Abbas
t from making takfir on
participants from both `Ali and Mu`awiya’s camp. This is so because
the hadith of the judges applied more to that time than the ayah
being used by the Khawaarij. We can then see that the Khawaarij had
an objection to certain people, whereas the Mujahideen are against
those replacing the Shari`a with man made laws.
3.
The ayah Ibn `Abbas spoke about is not talking about people
replacing the Shari`a as Kuffar, but it is actually speaking about
those who just fail to use the revelation for judgement or ruling,
which is a major kufr, but less of a kufr than those who change or
modify any of the Shari`a.
4.
Another point is that Ibn `Abbas
t
differed with the Sahaba in many issues, such as, at first he didn’t
think Nikah alMut`a (temporary marriage for enjoyment) was Haraam,
but considered it Halaal until `Ali ibn Abi Talib
t
said to him, “You are a lost man.” Ibn Zubair
t
also gave him words, “If you keep saying it is halal, I will
stone you to death.” Ibn `Abbas
t
was also known to have given the ruling that Riba an-Nasi’a
(interest collected over a period of time) was Halaal, but
simultaneous Riba is Haraam altogether. He also once gave a ruling
that the `Eid sacrifice was wajib (compulsory), when most of the
Sahaba ruled that it is recommended. Then if any person looks, they
can see Ibn `Abbas differed with Sahaba in many other issues. Why
don’t the blind followers of the issue of kufr duna kufr also blind
follow his other specified rulings?
5.
The Ancient Mufassirin (scholars of Tafsir) such as Ibn Kathir, Ibn
Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya (RHM) as well as the modern
scholars of tafsir, such as Ahmad Shaakir, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim and
Muhammad Shaakir (RHM) narrated the saying of Ibn `Abbas
t,
and they knew the context and reality of his time.
Why did they then differ from him in
this issue and call some rulers of their time Kuffar because of
replacing the Shari`a?
These scholars would not narrate Ibn
`Abbas’s opinion and then differ unless they knew the statement and
context. So why were those scholars not called Khawaarij but
Mujahideen?
Ibn `Abbas
t,
when he differed with some Sahaba with regard to the sacrifice of
the lamb, he quoted ayat from the Qur’an and statements from the
Prophet
r. The other Sahaba
y
said, “Abu Bakr and `Umar never said it or called it wajib
(compulsory).” He then said his famous statement,
“I told you Allah SWT and the Messenger
r
said, but you are saying Abu Bakr and `Umar said. Aren’t you afraid
that the heavens will drop on your head.”
Would
he (Ibn `Abbas
t) then be happy now, to
accept his name being used against decisive ayat in the Qur’an?
6.
We should also try to understand Ibn `Abbas’s other statement,
“ It is not like the kufr in Allah or the Angels.” But
this version of his means that it can be a major kufr, but not
directly in Allah SWT and His angels, because associating with
Allah
U makes one a kafir but
their kufr is less than those who deny Allah SWT or His angels
altogether.
It could still be taken as a
major kufr if it touches the right of Allah
U,
such as legislation, loyalty or love. If it touches the right of
people however, it is minor.
In conclusion, the words of
Ibn `Abbas
t can not be used for
the tyrants who replace the Shari’a. For them, the verse of
the sword should be used, as Allah says,
فإذا انسلخ الأشهر الحرم فاقتلوا المشركين حيث
وجدتموهم و خذوهم و أحصروهم و أقعدوا لهم كل مرصد فان تابوا وأقاموا
الصلوة و أتوا الركوة فخلوا سبيلهم
“….Kill the Mushriks wherever
you find them, take hold of them, encircle them and lie in wait to
ambush them on each and every path. Then if they repent, establish
prayers and give zakah, then leave their way free.”
And also the verse narrated in
Imam Ahmad Musnad, on the authority of Jabar Ibn Abdullah
t,
أمرنا رسول الله
r أن نضرب بهذا ( وأشار إلى السيف ) من
خرج عن هذا ( وأشار إلى المصحف )
“ Rasullullah
r
ordered us to hit with this (and he pointed to his sword) whoever
goes out of that” (and he pointed to the Qur’an)
That
means exactly what Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah have said in regards to
those ruling by other than what Allah sent down, changing the
Shari`a or legislate something, this is the big kufr (kufr alAkbar).
If they fail to apply it SOME instances, that
could be taken as a kufr of a lesser kufr (kufr al Asghar).
This is because the way of Ahl
us-Sunna walJama`ah is to use all the verses available before
judgement, while the bid`ii people only use the verses that suit
them. Supporting this fact, no one will ever find a statement
from Ibn `Abbas or anybody with regard to legislation (tashrii`)
saying it is ‘a shirk of a lesser shirk’, as Allah
U
said in the Qur’an,
أم لهم شركآء شرعوا لهم من الدين ما لم يأذن
به الله و لو لا كلمة الفصل لقضى بينهم و إن الظالمين لهم عذاب اليم
“Or do they have partners for
them legislating a religion that Allah did not give permission for.
Had it not been for the word of decision and decree, the matter
between them would have been judged. And truly for the oppressors is
a torturous punishment.”
We are very surprised that those
calling themselves “Salafis,” who use the word ‘kufr duna kufr’ from
Ibn `Abbas
t, that they don’t use
the other saying condemning ruling by other than what Allah SWT sent
down.
7
To endorse what Ibn `Abbas
t
has said as well, Ibn Mas`ud
t
has said, mentioned in the tafsir of Ibn Kathir regarding this ayah,
when he was asked what is reshwa (a bribe), he said, “It is is a
suht (ill-gotten wealth).” They then said, “No, we mean in
judgement and ruling.” He said,
" ذاك الكفر”
“This is the very kufr.”
This is in Tafsir Ibn Kathir as well
as in Akhbar alQadaa. Why didn’t Ibn Kathir (RH) comment about
this ayah and he only left the comments of the Sahaba and those
other than himself? The reality which people don’t focus on is
that Ibn Kathir (RH) is a knowledgeable faqih and most important was
the reality of their existing time, then they put their conclusion.
This is exactly what Imam Ibn Kathir
(RH) has done. The Imam doesn’t just start from Surah Ma’ida, ayat
44, 45 and 47, but he begins the subject of ruling and judgements
start from ayah number 40 and finishing on ayah number 50. Those ten
ayat are as follows,
أ لم تعلم أن الله له ملك السماوات
والأرض يعذب من يشاء ويغفر من يشاء والله على كل شيء قدير
“Know you not that to Allah (alone) belongs the dominion of the
heavens and the earth? He punishes whom He wills and He forgives
whom He wills; and Allah hath power over all things.”
يا أيها
الرسول لا يحزنك الذين يسارعون في الكفر من الذين قالوا آمنا بأفواههم
و لم تؤمن قلوبهم و من الذين هادوا سمّاعون للكذب سمّاعون لقوم آخرين
لم يأتوك يحرفون الكلم من بعد مواضعه يقولون إن أوتيتم هذا فخذوه و إن
لم تؤتوه فاحذروا
و من يرد الله فتنته فلن تملك له من الله شيئاً أولئك الذين لم يرد
الله أن يطهر قلوبهم لهم في الدنيا خزي و لهم في الآخرة عذاب عظيم
“O Messenger! Let not those grieve you who race each other into
unbelief; (whether it be) among those who say, ‘We believe’ with
their lips but whose hearts have no faith; or it be among the Jews
men who will listen to any lie and will listen even to others who
have never so much as come to you. They change the words from their
(right) times and places; they say, ‘If you are given this take it,
but if not beware.’ If Allah intends anyone’s trial, you have no
authority in the least for him against Allah. For such it is not
Allah's will to purify their hearts. For them there is disgrace in
this world and in the Hereafter a heavy punishment.”
سماعون للكذب أكالون للسحت فإن جاءوك فاحكم بينهم أو أعرض عنهم و إن
تعرض عنهم فلن يضربوك شيئا و إن حكمت فاحكم بينهم بالقسط إن الله يحب
المقسطين
“(They are fond of) listening to falsehood of devouring anything
forbidden. If they do come to you either judge between them or
decline to interfere. If you decline they cannot hurt thee in the
least. If you judge, then judge in equity between them; for Allah
loves those who judge in equity.”
و
كيف يحكمونك و عندهم التوراة فيها حكم الله ثم يتولون من بعد ذلك و ما
أولئك بالمؤمنين
“How is it they come to you for decision when they have the Torah
before them? Therein is the (plain) command of Allah; yet even
after that they would turn away. For they are not people of faith.”
إنا
أنزلنا التوراة فيها هدى و نور يحكم بها النبيون الذين اسلموا للذين
هادوا و الربانيون و الأحبار بما استحفظوا من كتاب الله و كانوا عليه
شهداء فلا تخشوا الناس و اخشون و لا تشتروا بآياتى ثمنا قليلا و من لم
يحكم بما أنزل الله فأولئك هم الكافرون
“It was We who revealed the Torah; therein was guidance and light.
By its standard have been judged the Jews by the Prophet who were in
submission by the Rabbis and the doctors of Law. For to them was
entrusted the protection of Allah's Book and they were witnesses
thereto. Therefore fear not men but fear Me, and sell not My Signs
for a miserable price. If any do fail to judge by what Allah hath
revealed they are unbelievers.”
و
كتبنا عليهم فيها أن النفس بالنفس و العين بالعين و الأنف بالأنف و
الأذن بالأذن و السن بالسن و الجروح قصاص فمن تصديق به فهو كفارة له و
من لم يحكم بما أنزل الله فأولئك هم الظالمون
“We ordained therein for them, ‘Life for life eye for eye nose for
nose ear for ear tooth for tooth and wounds equal for equal.’ But if
anyone remits the retaliation by way of charity it is an act of
atonement for himself. And if any fail to judge by what Allah hath
revealed they are oppressors.”
وقفينا على آثارهم بعيسى ابن مريم مصدقا لما بين يديه من التوراة و
أتيناه الإنجيل فيه هدى و نور و مصدقا لما بين يديه من التوراة و هدى و
موعظة للمتقين
“And in their footsteps We sent Jesus the son of Mary confirming the
law that had come before him. We sent him the Gospel; therein was
guidance and light and confirmation of the law that had come before
him, a guidance and an admonition to those who fear Allah.”
و
ليحكم أهل الإنجيل بما أنزل الله فيه ومن لم يحكم بما
أنزل الله فأولئك هم الفاسقون
“Let the people of the Gospel Judge by what Allah hath revealed
therein. If any do fail to judge by what Allah hath revealed they
are rebellious sinners.”
و
أنزلنا إليكم الكتاب بالحق مصدقا لما بين يديه من الكتاب و مهيمنا عليه
فاحكم بينهم بما أنزل الله و لا تتبع أهواءهم عما جاءك من الحق لكل
جعلنا منكم شرعة و منهاجا و لو شاء الله لجعلكم أمة واحدة و لكن
ليبلوكم في ما أتاكم فاستبقوا الخيرات إلى الله مرجعكم جميعا فينبئكم
بما كنتم فيه تختلفون
“To you We sent the Book in truth confirming the Book that came
before it and guarding it in safety; so judge between them by what
Allah has revealed and follow not their vain desires diverging from
the truth that has come to you. To each among you have We
prescribed a Law and an Open Way. If Allah had so willed He would
have made you a single people but (His plan is) to test you in what
He has given you, so strive as in a race in all virtues. The goal
of you all is to Allah; it is He that will show you the truth of the
matters in which you dispute.”
وأن
احكم بينهم بما أنزل الله و لا تتبع أهوائهم وأحذرهم أن يفتنوك عن بعض
ما أنزل الله إليك فإن تولوا فاعلم أنما يريد الله أن يصيبهم ببعض
ذنوبهم و إن كثيراً من الناس لفااسقون
“And this (He commands): ‘Judge thou between them by what Allah has
revealed and follow not their vain desires but beware of them lest
they beguile you from any of that (teaching) which Allah has sent
down to you.’ And if they turn away be assured that for some of
their crimes it is Allah's purpose to punish them. And truly most
men are rebellious.”
أ فحكم الجاهلية
يبغون و من أحسن من الله حكماً لقوم يوقنون
“Do they
then seek after a judgment of (the Days of) Ignorance? But who for
a people whose faith is assured can give better judgment than
Allah?”
Only
then does Ibn Kathir (RH) insert his
opinion according to the reality of his time, which was the
existence of the Mongols, who are ruling by the book of Genghis
Khan. These circumstances are occurring in our time now. And what
he, as well as Ahmad Shaakir (RH) has said is well known. Usually
the faqih, before he reaches his verdict and gives his ruling on a
matter, he puts all the relevant ayat and hadith regarding the ayah.
Next come the statements and rulings of the Sahaba
y,
then the opinion of other scholars as well. Finally, at the end of
the subject he gives his verdict after all the evidence has been
presented.
Ibn Kathir’s ruling is most serious
indeed. We are able to appreciate its importance in every single
facet. Let us read the words of the great Sheikh,
“And as for the royal
policies, which the Tartars were ruled by, which were taken from
their king, Genghis Khan, who laid down for them Al Yaasiq, which is
a book made up of laws which he took from different shari`as. It is
from Judaism, Christianity, the Islamic religion and others. Also it
contains many laws which he took from his sheer thinking and desire.
Thus, it became within his sons a followed law to which they have
been giving precedence over ruling by the Book of Allah and the
Sunnah of His Messenger
r.
Whoever does this is a kafir who must be fought until he returns to
the rule of Allah and His Messenger. So no one other than He should
neither rule in few nor many matters.”
Also add what Ibn Kathir said in his
book alBidaaya wan-Nihaaya,
“Thus whoever left the
wise Shari`a sent upon Muhammad ibn `Abdullah, the Seal of the
Prophets and makes judgements to other than it from the abrogated
shari`as has become a kafir. So how is it for the one who makes
judgment to al Yaasiq and makes it superior over it (the Islamic
Shari`a)? Whoever did that, then he has already become a kafir by
consensus (ijma`) of the Muslims.”
In this section, of great utility are
the words of the Imam of the Scholars of hadith in this and the last
century, al `Allamah Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Shaakir (RH). The great
Qadi of Egypt had this to say,
“Is it then lawful with this in the Shari`a of Allah that he judge
the Muslims in their lands by the legislation of pagan, atheistic
Europe? On the contrary, the legislation comes from false and
fabricated opinions. They change it and replace it according to
their whims.
No, its inventor is unconcerned
or remote from the Shari`a or its violation. The Muslims have not
been tested by this, as far as we know of in their time, except in
that time, the time of the Tartars. And it was a wicked time, a
period of great oppression and darkness.
Thus in these clearly
invented laws, as clear as the sun, it is clear kufr, no doubt about
it. There is no persuasion and there is no excuse for any one who is
affiliated to Islam, being whoever it may, in acting on it,
submission to it or establishing it.”
Of use in this place as well is the words
of Al `Allamah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (RH), the paternal cousin of
Muhammad ibn `Abdul Wahhab (RH) and previous Mufti of the Arabian
Peninsula. He had this to say of the replacement of the Shari`a,
“As
far as the saying, kufr duna kufr, it is when the judge makes
judgement to other than Allah with firm conviction that it is
disobedience. He believes that the judgement of Allah is the truth,
but he left from it in one matter. As far as whoever made laws in
succession and makes others submit to it, then it is kufr, even if
they said, ‘We sinned and the judgement of the Revealed Law is more
just.’ This is still kufr that removes from the religion.”
The Sheikh expounded on this
further in another place, regarding the replacement of the Shari`a,
"And it (the major kufr of replacing
the Shari`a) is more enormous, more universal, more distinct and
more clear in its stubborn opposition to the Shari`a.
And stubbornness and arrogance to his judgements, being lax to Allah
and His Messenger, making resemblance to the Shari`a courts,
arranging, setting up, preparing, establishing a foundation, making
applications and usage, shaping, forming and organising, of a
mixture of various things and themes in the process of modification
(of the Shari`a), making judgement, making it compulsory, and making
judgements by turning to authorities.
Then just as the Shari`a courts
turn to authorities, all of them (the authorities) returning to the
Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Messenger (SAW), then what the
authorities turn to of it (the false Shari`a) are concocted and
trumped up laws from various Shari`as, several different law
systems, such as French law, American law, British law and other
laws and from different schools of thought, some attributing bid`a
and other things to the Shari`a.
Then these courts are now in
most of the urban centres of Islam,
prepared, perfect and complete, the doors have been opened and
people are swarming to them one after another, their rulers judging
between them by what is in direct opposition and contradiction to
the judgement of the Sunna and the Book, from the judgements of that
law (the false Shari`a) and coercing them to it and establishing it
over the Shari`a (the true Shari`a of Allah) and imposing and making
it incumbent on them. Then which kufr is over and above (more
amplified and clearer) this kufr? And which opposition to the
Shahada that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah is after this
opposition and violation.
”
8-
Not only have the scholars have called the people who are not ruling
by Shari’a Kafirs but also their scholars who are supporting their
regimes. Allah SWT says,
" إن الذين يكتمون ما أنزلنا من الكتاب ويشترون
به ثمناً قليلاً أولئك ما يأكلون في بطونهم إلا النار ولا يكلمهم الله
يوم القيامة ولا يزكيهم ولهم عذاب أليم "
“Those who conceal Allah’s
revelations in the Book, and purchase for them a miserable profit –
they swallow into themselves nothing but fire; Allah will not
address them on the Day of Resurrection, nor purify them: and for
them there is a painful punishment”
Sheikhul Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (RH) said
ومتى ترك العالم ما علمه من كتاب الله واتبع الحاكم
الذي يحكم بغير ما أنزل الله فهو كافر مرتد يستحق العقوبة في الدنيا
والآخرة
“A scholar who abandons what
has learnt from the Qur’an and the Sunnah and follows a ruler who
does not rule in accordance with the teaching of Allah SWT and His
Messenger
r
is an apostate and a disbeliever who deserves punishment in this
world and in the hereafter ”
9-
Ibn
`Abbas
t died in his eighties.
Ibn Abbas
t was in the time of al
Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ath-Thaqafi, so we can elaborate on that easily. If
Al Hajjaj was in our time now, it would not be wise at all to rebel
against him, because that man was a Muslim applying the Shari`a in
full. He was waging jihad against the Mushriks and bringing a lot of
wealth and benefit to the Ummah, but his biggest sin was to kill
people, Muslims and none Muslims, for his own power, not his own
fabricated Shari’a. The issue today is the rulers who are killing
people for their own fabricated Shari`a.
10-
Ibn Abbas
t
gave strong advice to AlHussain not to fight Bani Ummaya from `Iraq.
His advice to AlHussain was that if he wanted to rebel against Bani
Ummaya, then he should do so from Yemen, not from `Iraq, as narrated
in many books of history. Yet he did not tell AlHussain he would be
Khawaarij if he went against Bani Ummaya or alHajjaj.
Now another point must be discussed.
We discussed before the difference between Fatwa, Hukm Shar`ii and
Judgement. We must distinguish between ruling and judging.
Ruling is more comprehensive than
judging, as judging is only a part of ruling. This is why if a judge
is not judging by Allah’s Shari`a, then the question for him to be a
Muslim or a Kafir goes to the other components of ruling. Ruling is
legislating, judging and executing the orders.
If the legislation is still for
Allah
U, and the judging by
other than the Shari`a is only occasional, then it is a kufr of a
lesser kufr. That also goes the same for executing. If the
legislation is intact, then the execution of not Shari`a laws is
kufr duna kufr. But if the legislation has been changed, then it is
big kufr. Ibn Abbas
t
was asked about judging, which was not about ruling,
as this was not in the minds of the Khawaarij at the
time.
11-
Ibn `Abbas
t,
in his time, was talking about an incident that was not repeated,
but done only once. Yet in our case, we are talking about someone’s
insistence on judging by other than Allah’s Shari`a, making laws to
protect the one replacing the Shari`a, and laws to punish those
attempting to correct the evil rulers!
This is why the scholars of the time
of the Sahaba said it was not an issue, because no one had it in
their mind that some one would actually tamper with the Shari`a
itself.
12-
Most of the
man made laws are direct nullification for al Wala walBaraa, which
is a point of Tawhid. As it is, respect the person who obeys that
law and class him as a good, innocent citizen, even if he is an
adulterer, kafir, or a drunkard or even a pagan. As long as he does
not contradict the man made laws, then he is still a citizen in good
standing, which believers enjoining good and evil is classed as a
criminal, wrongdoer, fanatics, terrorists and in some cases is
executed. So how is it that the word of Ibn Abbas
t
can be used to protect such people in principle.
THE KAFIR, ZAALIM OR FAASIQ JUDGE
In light of all this controversy, it
is absolutely imperative that we know what type of rulers we are
dealing with with regards to judgement. Only then can we render the
correct points and act accordingly.The difference that must be now
made is between a kafir, zaalim or faasiq
judge.
1.The
example of a kafir judge is a judge that has an adulterer in
front of him, with all evidence proven against him. The judge,
instead of implementing the consequences of the crime, instead gives
him other than the sentence for the crime. But if confronted with an
ayat from the Qur’an or an authentic hadith, the judge goes and
protects himself with other than the law of Islam. He says of the
punishment for the crime of adultery, “For this type of crime, we
usually put people in prison or give them a fine.” This shows
nonobservance of the rights of Allah
U.
That is a full blown kafir judge.
2.
The zaalim (oppressor) judge regarding the same crime or sin
of adultry will not deny the Shari`a, nor will he accept to be a
judge under other than the shari`a. But he will not give the
sentence for some particular people because of his relationship with
them, their status in society, or maybe a bribe given to him. The
zaalim judge will not deny the Shari`a in that particular case.
3.
The faasiq (rebellious sinner) judge regarding the same case
is that he is ruling according to the Shari`a, but on some
occasions, for his own benefit or out of fear, he will play with the
evidence to invalidate it, so that he may escape from applying it.
For the same crime we are talking about, let us say there are four
witnesses against the adulterer. The judge would try to make
excuses, perhaps saying that one of them could not see properly, the
other one was caught eating in Ramadan, then he prevents the third
one from giving his witness. This judge however, will not challenge
the legislation of Allah
U.
And this situation only happens occasionally.
This is a simple manifestation of
these three judges.
What we need to understand is that
there is a big fisq as well as a big zulm that can take some one out
of Islam completely and render them a kafir. Allah says,
و إذ قلنا للملائكة اسجدوا لأدم فسجدوا إلا إبليس
كان من الجن ففسق عن أمر ربه
أفتتخذونه و ذريته أولياء من دوني و هم
لكم عدو بئس للظالمين بدلاً
“And when we said to the
angels, ‘Prostrate to Adam,’ they all prostrated except Iblis, and
he was from the Jinn. Then he was rebellious to the order of his
Lord. Is it then that you take him and his progeny as friends and
protectors beside Me and they are to you an enemy. Then the exchange
is for the Zaalimin (oppressors).”
The fisq (rebellious sin)
that Shaitan did in this ayah was clearly the fisq that takes
one out of the religion. Thus, Iblis from this ayah, had become a
kafir for refusing to obey the order of Allah
U..
And Allah SWT further says,
يا بنىّ لا تشرك بالله إن الشرك لظلم
عظيم
“O my little son! Do not
associate anything with Allah. Truly, SHIRK is an immense oppression
(zulm).”
It is again shown in this ayah that
SHIRK is a major zulm (oppression). Thus this is the type of
zulm that can take one out of the religion.
When can a Believer disobey the Khalifah
It is not the way of Ahlu Sunnah wal
Jammah to disobey or go against the Khalifah unless it is an
absolute necessary. There are also many hadith, which says, do not
disobey the Khalifah, even if he flays you and confiscates your
property
"… قَالَ إِنْ كَانَ لِلَّهِ خَلِيفَةٌ فِي
الْأَرْضِ فَضَرَبَ ظَهْرَكَ وَأَخَذَ مَالَكَ فَأَطِعْهُ وَإِلَّا
فَمُتْ وَأَنْتَ عَاضٌّ بِجِذْلِ شَجَرَةٍ …"
“ If there was a Khalifah
on earth, even if he flays you and confiscate your property then
obey him even if you have to die biting the root of a tree.”
However, these hadiths must be seen in
context. For instance this hadith is only in reference to you being
flayed, not the religion. And if they confiscate your property, not
the property of the Muslims. Do not revolt against the Khalifah for
your own private matters, but for the matters of Halal or Haram.
If the Khalifah oppresses you
personally or a tribe of you, then do not go against him, but be
patient. But if the rights of Allah SWT are violated, then you are
to fight the apostate Khalifah, if he is one.
Even if you have no power, you are to
stand against him, as Allah SWT praised the people of the trench,
even though they had no power. And they all stood until they were
killed. And this hadith is in Sahih Muslim. This hadith should not
be used out of context to let go the right of Allah SWT or what he
entrusted us with, i.e. the Shari`a. Yet we see people doing the
opposite with regards to Allah’s religion.
These are the people who are
flashing the hadith in our faces these days! And
by the way where is the Khalifah?!!
We also need to elaborate on how many
Imams of Ahl us-Sunna walJama`ah have rebelled against tyrant ruler
and no one ever called them Khawaarij. It was also not known that
these rulers were kuffar either. We will now present you with
examples of those Imams who went out against the rulers and in some
cases fought against them,
1-
An-Nafs az-Zakiyya, whose name was Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan
ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Ali Taalib, died in 145 AH. He went out of
the Abbasid Khalifate, but Khalifa alMansur had him killed. Imaam
Maalik said his Bai`a was correct.
2-
Mu`awiya ibn Abu Sufyan, 6 months and two days after Hasan ibn `Ali
was given bai`a as the khalifa, came out against him in dispute.
This was due to the unresolved bloodshed that had resulted in the
death of Mu`awiya’s cousin, the third khalifa of Islam, `Uthman ibn
`Affan.
3-
Perhaps the most famous example in Islamic history above all, is
that of alHussain, who went out of Yazid ibn Mu`awiya and was killed
in the batttle of Karbala. No one once said Hussain was Khawaarj.
4-
Abdullah ibn Az-Zubair, the son of Az-Zubair ibn al `Awwaam, went
out of Bani Ummayya and was given bai`a as the amir of Madina as
well as against the existing Khalifa. He was killed and hung for
three days.
5-
At the time of the Khalifa Hadi (170 H), Imam Abu `Abdullah Hussain
ibn Ali ibn Hassan ibn Hassan ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Taalib, who
died in 167 AH, went out against the Khalifa in Makkah and the
Hijaaz. His revolution ended when he was killed and left to be eaten
by the scavenging animals and birds.
6-
Imam AbulHasan Musa Kaazim ibn Jaafir as-Saadiq ibn Muhammad
alBaaqir, who died 183 AH, revolted against the Khalifa Harun ar-Rashid,
was arrested and put in jail until he died.
7-
Imam Muhammad ibn Jaafar as-Saadiq, who revolted in the Hijaaz and
Makkah, went out against Ma`mun.
8-
Imam `Ali ar-Rida ibn Musa Kaazim ibn Jaafir as-Saadiq ibn Muhammad
ibn alQaasim revolted in the time of the Khalifa Mu`tasim. He was
captured and defeated.
10-
Ibrahim ibn Musa Kaazim ibn Jaafar as-Saadiq revolted against the
rulership and killed many people in Yemen.
None of the historians or scholars of
Ahl us-Sunna have referred to neither these Imams as Khawaarij, nor
the rulers of their time as kuffar either. What then of the
Mujahideen? They are seeing such a clear kufr from everywhere, in
which we have so much support for in the Book and Sunna to rebel
against them, that the evidences are too numerous and too famous to
elaborate on in this short treatise. These kinds of rulers aren’t
even legitimate rulers.
Conclusion
So it is proven that anyone
who fails to rule by Allah’s Shari`a are kuffar, not merely those
who replace the Shari`a. It is actually a kufr just to fail to rule
by it. But those who actually introduce their own shari`a, they are
doing a kufr above a kufr (major kufr stacked on top of major kufr).
And those impose their own shari`a upon people by the sword, they
are doing a kufr above a kufr above a kufr. And those who are
calling all of these kufr allowable, they are doing the most kufr of
all and they have distorted the religion of Allah
U
completely, for they called to what is kufr and labeled it
allowable.
It is then very clear that these
people who are killing Muslims because of their own Shari`a, they
are a kind of Khawaarij. The only difference between them and the
Khawaarij before is that the Khawaarij before were doing the bid`a
to protect the Shari`a but they hurt and killed Muslims in the
process. But the new Khawaarij are killing Muslims and so forth to
destroy the Shri’a.
The Khawaarij were known to be pious
and zealous in their worship, but these Khawaarij rulers today
hardly do any worship. The modern Khawaarij today fit the general
category of Khawaarij precisely because they kill Muslims and leave
alone the pagans as narrated in Bukhari and Muslim.
However,
dear brothers, imagine if you knew all of these evidences and then
attend a gathering where Ibn `Abbas’s words have been abused.
TYPICAL ABUSE OF THE WORD
OF IBN `ABBAS
t
In practice we have sadly seen
how young sincere brothers are being misled by blind following a
Sheikh who is using the word of Ibn Abbas
t
to drive people to respect and keep silent about these evil rulers.
Meanwhile inciting them against their brothers who are trying to do
their duty against these rulers.
This was seen when the word of
Ibn `Abbas
t, was used at one of
the lectures made by Salim alHilaali in Luton, London in 1996 in
which he, in a lie, quoted that there is nothing called a big kufr
in regard to Tawhid alHaakimiyya. He claimed that the word of Ibn `Abbas
(in regards to kufr duna kufr) was ijma` and that there was no major
kufr in ruling. When the brothers attempted to correct him on this
point, he resorted to crude and insulting ways of giving evidence
and did not want to listen. He then ordered everyone to be quiet and
said that he will give Sheikh Abu Hamza a time and a date for a
debate and also a Mubahala.
He then went on in his lecture, twisting and distorting the words of
the Sahaba. By that time, the audience had had their fill and could
not take it any longer. Abu Usaamah, a clown in Brixton and the
translator for the Sheikh’s vulgar festivities, said, “We
promised to make a time and a date, and you can call
him a liar if he doesn’t do it.” Sheikh Abu Hamza and
his colleagues then made their most sincere efforts to contact the
two to arrange a meeting to redress their grievances.
Abu Hamza and his colleagues even
taped the whole episode and their continuous and indeed dizzying
escapades in calling about to contact them. All this had to be done
in order to prod and push them to fulfill their promise. But
instead, the dynamic duo of Brixton (Hilaali and Usaamah) carried on
with their lectures, putting bodyguards outside and not allowing
anyone to talk to their so-called Sheikh.
Sheikh Abu Hamza and company then had
no choice but to distribute the tape of the incident at Luton as
well as their phone calls to them.
Appeal
Now we
appeal for every good, sincere Muslim that if they can not fight and
remove those leaders and their armies from power, they should
atleast not hinder the path of others to do it. And even if groups
like the Khawaarij are fighting these groups, they should also leave
these two bid`ii people to fight one another. They should then
prepare to defend themselves against both of them, not to take
sides.
The reason why is that the
Khawaarij who worship Allah SWT are the enemies of Islam, and our
leaders who are Khawaarij and do not worship Allah
U
are the enemies of Allah SWT and we have to struggle to fight both.
We are never to be used by any of them if possible.
We also appeal to Muslims all over the
world to support the Shari’a and not to allow the sayings of the
Sahaba or Sheikhs to be twisted or used against the purity and the
practicality of Shari’a. At the end of the day we are all going to
be asked by Allah SWT what did you do to implement My Law and order
in your environment, and why did we not join forces with those who
are trying to do their obligations.
May Allah SWT guide us all to the
straight path, and give us the strength to remain on it. Amin.
Peace and tranquility be upon
the Prophet
r.
We thank Allah
U
for making this booklet possible and we beg His mercy and
forgiveness for all the sincere brothers and sisters.
Written on Summer 1996.CE.
Edited on Winter1999 CE.
